Introduction Ever wondered how chemists predict exactly how much of a product will be formed when you mix chemicals together? The answer lies in a powerful tool called stoichiometry. Simply put, stoichiometry is the mathematics of chemical reactions. It’s the branch of chemistry that deals with the quantitative relationships between reactants and products. Think of […]

The Octet Rule is a concept in chemistry that states that a carbon atom in a molecule must have four bonds to other atoms or groups of atoms. This means that carbon atoms in molecules tend to have a “full” or “complete” octet of valence electrons, which are the electrons in the outermost energy level […]

Imagine you’re building something with LEGOs – you need a clear instruction manual, right? Organic reaction mechanisms are similar – we need a way to clearly represent them. That’s where the sawhorse representation comes in. This 3D, stereospecific method allows us to draw reaction mechanisms by depicting each atom in space, showing the precise spatial […]

Lewis Dot Structures are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms in a molecule. They are used to represent the electron geometry of a molecule, which is the arrangement of electrons around the central atom. In a Lewis dot structure,the central atom is represented by a circle, and the atoms or groups of atoms that […]